The evolution of the concept of political and economic society
Yes, I will dare to give my opinion on the subject of study that has had the deepest impact on humanity, since Machiavelli's book The Prince, the Torah, the pre-Jewish Christian Bible, and the book Capital, are works that were followed by philosophical thinkers: Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Marx, Smith, Say, Ricardo, Menger, and the political and economic schools that are studied separately as if they were in different and opposing positions, and I will prove that each economic and political school only represents a part of the whole holistic process that has unity and uniqueness.
There is no political and economic antagonism because reality cannot be fractured and separated into factions and ideological preferences; reality surpasses artificial theories and teleologies, and all political and economic theories are artificialities to ensure that some brilliant thinker is a single genius bearer of the only truth; As long as we understand this, there will be disputes and each side will come away with a piece of the truth that is in the whole and belongs to each of them in a holistic and complementary way.
The messianics who want to perfect humanity, and the realists who want to understand the agonistic egoistic social mechanisms; these two groups into which humanity is divided, both necessary and antagonistic, could and should survive in complementary harmony if they did not mutually desire the extinction of each other; sometimes called Christians, sometimes Muslims, sometimes Democrats, sometimes Liberals, sometimes Socialists, sometimes Capitalists, sometimes Underdeveloped, sometimes Nazis, sometimes Aborigines, sometimes Communists, sometimes Fascists, sometimes Nationalists, sometimes Racists, sometimes First World, no matter how many analytical categories and distinctions there are, everything can be summed up in just two categories of thoughts and situations in civilization, in the timeline and in the general human geographical position: there are only two possible human behaviors: selfish individualists, utilitarians, and; gregarious, altruistic, sentimentalists, religious, idealists.
As Durkheim realized, these groups can act alone, or they can seek to join forces in what he declared as mechanical solidarity, or organic solidarity.
In mechanical solidarity, an orchestrated social principle of superior direction, organization, rules and principles of formal order and hierarchy are necessary for the system to work for both the egoistic-utilitarians and, on the other hand, the gregarious altruists.
Lone wolves seem to pretend to act as heroes on their own; they take advantage of organic solidarity, they seem to do everything alone, but without the help of indirect anonymous social work, not always obvious and noticeable, they would have achieved nothing, although it seems that their effort was the result solely of their enormous personal capacity, independent of help from the likes of Tesla, Edison, Musk, Bill Gates.
Johannes Kepler was grateful to stand on the shoulders of Isaac Newton and Ticho Brahe for having dedicated themselves many years earlier so that their work could be completed with their discoveries and advances in astrophysics; who would Einstein be without the work of the Danish mathematicians of quantum mechanics, so criticized by him in his discredited beginnings.
Political science did not begin with the Greeks, nor in US universities. Everything follows a line of ruptures and advances since the times before written human literature, with new paradigms that surpass the previous one that served as proof of breaking the limits that prevented them from advancing to the next step. By denying the exhausted model, the next model was skipped, creating a new stage where the expectations and hopes of the defenders of scientific status were buried, destroying the entire previous scientific cathedral, with emotional and intellectual losses and damages.
Thus we saw the exhaustion of the imperial slave-owning and scorching tax model of the Babylonian, Egyptian and Etruscan peoples, who plundered the defeated and subordinate peoples to exhaustion. It seems that the lesson was still used as a model in the colonies of colonial Africa and America, still attempted in its death throes, later disguised as technological imperialism and exploratory imperialism of commercial mercantilism still latent in the multilateral commercial organizations controlled by large transnational corporations: Repsol, Shell, HSBC, ARANCO, Microsoftware, Google, Amazon, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Phillips, Coca Cola, Carrefour, still controlling through monopsony and oligopsony, monopoly and oligopoly, division of international areas of exploration of sectoral business niches, everything can now be understood as an integrative process, where the armed forces, governments and policies form a conglomerate tied together hidden by the discourses: of human progress. o, human rights, ecology and sustainability, the rights of primitive peoples, global warming, the search for peace, women's rights, transsexual rights, all pretexts for the same purpose of keeping the only two possible cores of interest based on human behavior separate from the dispute, since social psychologists tried to define basic human aspirations divided into five objective matrices: sex, protection, power, aesthetics and wealth.
The evolutionary history of the first economic theory was based on the value of labor, or, on the work incorporated into the product made by hands, there were no efficient machines, other than the pulley, the oar; the lever, the inclined plane, the axe, the sledgehammer, the bow, the saw, the knife, the sword, the polisher, naval sails, everything was manual or animal, or moved by the winds and the forces of the water currents.
It is obvious to think of labor as the engine of transformation over raw materials and over nature.
The inclusion of mineral wealth in the elements of Schmith's theory based on precious metals was a need to include in the first economic theory created by Adam Schmith the intrinsic value of jewelry that is not necessarily directly and linearly related to the time worked or spent. It seems that extreme and rare alloys and minerals do not require the need for labor to add value to what already has intrinsic value: so we solve the theory of metalism and utility value in one fell swoop.
Keynes' theory of capital movement, merging with the neoclassical theory of the trinomial: employability, money and interest, emerged after the phenomenon of the multiplication of capital artificially created by the banking house through the virtual creation of currency by the accounting model of bank accounts and the process of recording non-simultaneous bank transactions that allowed the phenomenon of autonomous monetary expansion of currency creation through bank deposits to be verified. Keynesianism then made use of the new role of money that replaced the currency that was worth its value in pesos in the old barter system, now being exchanged for a receipt - paper money - printed that symbolically recorded a value, separating itself from the process of bartering goods and gold and silver coins, gaining autonomy through forced and fiduciary circulation, and the written currency/money itself could be sold and bought at the rate given by necessity and speculation in the free exchange market. Then, successively, the economy incorporates new methods, as well as the way of doing politics, which accommodates the people to the ruling groups and responds to the demands and incorporates popular rights in a delayed and moderate way, at the request of the masses without political power, so that they appear to participate in the political control of society in at least two moments: in the general elections; and in the popular mobilization of the crowds in the streets.
It has always been necessary to set up a system of power where a privileged elite could govern, get rich without being able to take away from the subjects, the citizens, the voters, the taxpayers, the slaves, the exploited all the possibilities of having a minimum of autonomy and compensation for their subservience and inferiority, whether through the discourse of solidarity and friendship, or through free public services, such as: registration, basic education, minimum individual guarantees to assets, life and options, security against unmotivated aggression, security of access to leisure and sex, the right to religious worship, the right to food and survival.
To varying degrees, all of this has been granted, negotiated, restricted, and commuted throughout the regimes of various governments, in various forms of state, and in diverse political systems where some value physical survival more than freedom, others value wealth more than survival, others value structure and model more than the individuals who live in it, others value equal rights more than equanimity and differentiation, others value wealth more than moral and ethical values.
The ideal would then be a system that could bring together all the diverse demands, without limiting or needing to abolish differences, in order to protect the social and political structure without idolizing it, without idolizing ideology and belief in any value to the detriment of other ideological values.
Hence, this civil pluralism would be the high point of civilization and the moment to proclaim that there is no model of democracy, nor of economy, nor of ideology, religion or morality that is homogeneous, unique, more correct, superior and obligatory.
The path then would be to return to the village from which we came and to our geographically marked local reference groups, the only real reference where the individual can identify himself. perform and be recognized and be formatted for harmonious social coexistence.
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