He tautology ke ʻano hana ʻepekema.

He tautology ke ʻano hana ʻepekema.

Ua hana mākou i ke ʻano hana ʻepekema no ka noiʻi ʻepekema i hiki iā mākou ke hōʻoia mua i nā hopena o ka noiʻi ʻepekema e hoʻohana ana i ke kūlana o ka noiʻi ʻepekema i hoʻokumu ʻia a hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻano hana ʻepekema. Eia naʻe, ʻo wai ka mea e hōʻoia i ke kumu hoʻohālike o ke ʻano hana ʻepekema o ka noiʻi ʻepekema?

Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia kēia ʻāpana ma ka ʻōlelo mua: ʻo ke ʻano hana ʻepekema, a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano hana ʻepekema, he hana ma ke ʻano makemakika, f(z), a i ʻole Ψ, kahi i loaʻa ai kahi hoʻololi e like me ke ʻano o ka hana, a ʻo ka mea hoʻokomo, a i ʻole x, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka noiʻi, a ʻo ka hopena, a i ʻole ka hopena, ua hoʻohālikelike pololei ʻia e ke ʻano hana, ʻo ia ka hana i wehewehe ʻia e f(z), a i ʻole Ψ.

ʻO kēia ka hopena i ka waiwai hope loa o ka hopena noiʻi e hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano hana ʻepekema i wānana loa ʻia, no laila ua hōʻoia ʻia e ka tautology, ma o ka refutability, ka hōʻoia ʻana e ka falsifiability.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka mea i hana ʻia, ka mea hou, a me ka ʻike i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ʻaʻole ia he ʻāpana o ke ʻano hana ʻepekema; ​​pakele ia mai ka laulā o ka noiʻi ʻepekema no ka mea ua hoʻoholo mua ʻia nā loli, ua koho mua ʻia. ʻO nā abstracting o nā loli e pale aku iā lākou mai ka pakele ʻana i ka mana o ka hoʻokolohua no ka mea aia lākou ma waho o ka hoohalike f(z), a i ʻole Ψ.

ʻAʻole hana ka noiʻi ʻepekema i nā mea hou, ʻaʻole ia e ʻike i nā mea; hōʻoia hou ia i kēlā mau manaʻolana i wānana ʻia i kapa ʻia he mau kuhiakau, i hōʻoia ʻia a hōʻole ʻia paha e ka kānana koʻikoʻi o ka hōʻoia e ke kumu i hāʻawi ʻia e f(z), a i ʻole Ψ.

ʻO nā ʻike a me nā hana he mau hana anti-ʻepekema no ka mea he mau anomalies lākou, synesthesias i ke kaʻina hana noiʻi ʻepekema, pono e hōʻoia ʻia ma hope o ka lilo ʻana i mau ʻoiaʻiʻo a i ʻole epiphenomena o ka hoihoi a i ʻole ka hoʻopunipuni maʻamau a ulia paha.

ʻO ka noiʻi ʻepekema, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana ʻepekema, ʻaʻole ia he hana noʻeau a ʻaʻole hoʻi e ʻimi i ka ʻike; pili wale ia i ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā kuhiakau. ʻO kēia mau kuhiakau nā pilikia e hoʻopunipuni ʻia e f(z), a i ʻole Ψ, i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻāpono ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo a me nā canons i loko o ka wehewehe ʻepekema i hoʻoholo pololei ʻia a pololei, i wehewehe ʻia e kona mau palena a me nā kumu, nā mea āpau i hoʻokumu mua ʻia i loko o ka paradigm ʻepekema i ʻae ʻia.

ʻO ke ʻano ʻepekema o ka noiʻi ʻepekema e lawelawe wale ana i ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā kuhiakau me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā f(z), a i ʻole Ψ, ka mea e hana ana ma ke ʻano he ʻike i hōʻoia ʻia. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki i ke ʻano ʻepekema ke hōʻoia ponoʻī; no laila, ʻo ka hōʻoia ʻana o ke ʻano ʻepekema he ad hoc, a i ʻole, ma ka wehewehe ʻana, anti-scientific, deterministic, a deductive.

No laila, he tautology ke ʻano ʻepekema; ​​ke manaʻo nei ia iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he ʻano hōʻoia no nā kaʻina hana ʻepekema ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​kaʻina hana ʻepekema āpau me ka ʻole o ka hōʻoia ʻia e ia iho.

Roberto da Silva Rocha, professor universitário e cientista político